jin
Now let’s answer a vitally important question. What exactly does Graham mean by an “intelligent” investor? Back in the first edition of this book, Graham defines the term—and he makes it clear that this kind of intelligence has nothing to do with IQ or SAT scores. It simply means being patient, disciplined, and eager to learn; you must also be able to harness your emotions and think for yourself.
English Translator
现在,让我们回答一个至关重要的问题。格雷厄姆所说的“聪明”投资者究竟是什么意思呢?在这本书的第一版中,格雷厄姆定义了这个术语——他明确指出,这种智慧与智商或SAT成绩无关。它仅仅意味着要有耐心、有纪律性、并且渴望学习;你还必须能够控制自己的情绪并独立思考。
jin
This kind of intelligence, explains Graham, “is a trait more of the character than of the brain.”2
jin
There’s proof that high IQ and higher education are not enough to make an investor intelligent. In 1998, Long-Term Capital Management L.P., a hedge fund run by a battalion of mathematicians, computer scientists, and two Nobel Prize–winning economists, lost more than $2 billion in a matter of weeks on a huge bet that the bond market would return to “normal.”
English Translator
高智商和高等教育并不足以使一个投资者变得聪明。1998年,长期资本管理合伙公司,一个由一群数学家、计算机科学家和两位诺贝尔奖获得者经济学家运营的对冲基金,在几周内因为巨额赌注认为债券市场会恢复“正常”而损失了超过20亿美元。
jin
But the bond market kept right on becoming more and more abnormal—and LTCM had borrowed so much money that its collapse nearly capsized the global financial system. 3
jin
And back in the spring of 1720, Sir Isaac Newton owned shares in the South Sea Company, the hottest stock in England. Sensing that the market was getting out of hand, the great physicist muttered that he “could calculate the motions of the heavenly bodies, but not the madness of the people.”
English Translator
春季的1720年,艾萨克·牛顿爵士持有南海公司的股份,那是英格兰最热门的股票。感觉到市场正变得失控,这位伟大的物理学家嘀咕道,他“能计算天体的运行,却无法计算人们的疯狂。”
jin
Newton dumped his South Sea shares, pocketing a 100% profit totaling £7,000. But just months later, swept up in the wild enthusiasm of the market, Newton jumped back in at a much higher price—and lost £20,000 (or more than $3 million in today’s money). For the rest of his life, he forbade anyone to speak the words “South Sea” in his presence. 4
English Translator
牛顿抛售了他的南海公司股份,获得了100%的利润,共计7000英镑。但仅仅几个月后,他被市场的狂热氛围所吸引,以更高的价格重新入市——并且损失了20000英镑(按今天的货币价值超过300万美元)。在他余生中,他禁止任何人在他面前提及“南海”这两个词。4
jin
Sir Isaac Newton was one of the most intelligent people who ever lived, as most of us would define intelligence. But, in Graham’s terms, Newton was far from an intelligent investor.
jin
By letting the roar of the crowd override his own judgment, the world’s greatest scientist acted like a fool.
jin
In short, if you’ve failed at investing so far, it’s not because you’re stupid. It’s because, like Sir Isaac Newton, you haven’t developed the emotional discipline that successful investing requires. In Chapter 8, Graham describes how to enhance your intelligence by harnessing your emotions and refusing to stoop to the market’s level of irrationality.
English Translator
简而言之,如果您到目前为止在投资上失败了,并不是因为您愚蠢。这是因为,就像艾萨克·牛顿爵士一样,您还没有培养出成功投资所需的情绪纪律。在第八章中,格雷厄姆描述了如何通过驾驭您的情绪并拒绝降低到市场的非理性水平来增强您的智力。
jin
There you can master his lesson that being an intelligent investor is more a matter of “character” than “brain.”
全能 ChatGPT
Yes, the South Sea Company has a notable place in economic history, primarily due to its role in ... more keyboard_arrow_down
Yes, the South Sea Company has a notable place in economic history, primarily due to its role in the infamous South Sea Bubble, one of the first recorded financial bubbles.
The South Sea Company was established in 1711 during the reign of Queen Anne of Great Britain. It was created as a public-private partnership to consolidate and reduce the cost of national debt. The company was granted a monopoly to trade with South America, hence the name South Sea Company. At the time, Britain was involved in the War of the Spanish Succession, and the treaty that ended the war, the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), gave Britain the asiento, a Spanish government contract, to supply slaves to Spain's new world colonies. This contract was expected to be highly profitable.
However, trade with the Spanish colonies was limited by the peace terms, and the South Sea Company conducted much less trade than it had anticipated. Despite this, the company directors portrayed the company as being a highly profitable operation, and this, along with rampant speculation, led to exaggerated expectations of the wealth that could be gained from the company's trade monopoly.
In 1720, the South Sea Company proposed a scheme to the British government whereby they would take over the entire national debt by swapping government debt for company shares. The government, eager to reduce its debt, agreed to the proposal. The company then engaged in aggressive and misleading marketing, which drove the price of its shares to stratospheric levels.
Many investors, including some of the most prominent figures of the day, rushed to invest in the company, expecting to make a fortune. The share price of the South Sea Company soared throughout the early months of 1720, in what became known as the South Sea Bubble.
However, by the late summer of 1720, the bubble had burst. It became clear that the company's profits would never be sufficient to cover the dividends promised. Share prices plummeted, and many investors were ruined. The collapse of the South Sea Bubble led to a financial crisis and a loss of confidence in the financial system.
The British government took action to stabilize the situation and restore confidence, including the passing of the Bubble Act, which regulated joint-stock companies. The South Sea Company itself continued to exist until the late 18th century but never again played an important role in the British economy.
The South Sea Bubble is often cited as an early example of a financial bubble, where speculative mania leads to an unsustainable rise in asset prices, followed by a dramatic crash. It is a cautionary tale of the dangers of speculation and financial irresponsibility.
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全能 ChatGPT
南海公司的历史是经济史上的一个著名事件,主要因为它在著名的南海泡沫中的角色,这是最早记录的金融泡沫之一。
南海公司成立于1711年,当时是英国安妮女王在位时期。该公司是作为一个公私合营企业而建立的,目的是为了整合并减少国家债务的成本。南海公司被授予了与南美洲贸易的垄断权,因此得名南海公司。当时,英国参与了西班牙王位继承战争,战争结束的乌特勒支条约(1713年)给予了英国asiento(西班牙政府合同),允许英国向西班牙的新世界殖民地供应奴隶。这个合同被预期将会带来巨大的利润。
然而,与西班牙殖民地的贸易由于和平条款而受到限制,南海公司实际上进行的贸易远远低于预期。尽管如此,公司的董事们还是将公司描绘成一个高度盈利的运营机构,这和疯狂的投机一起,导致了对公司贸易垄断带来的财富期望被极度夸大。
到了1720年,南海公司向英国政府提出了一个方案,即通过将政府债务换成公司股份来接管全部国家债务。渴望减少债务的政府同意了这个提议。随后,公司进行了激进且具有误导性的营销,使其股票价格飙升到了极高的水平。
包括当时一些最著名的人物在内的许多投资者争相投资于该公司,期望能够大赚一笔。南海公司的股价在1720年初几个月内飙升,形成了所谓的南海泡沫。
然而,到了1720年夏末,泡沫破裂了。显而易见的是,公司的利润永远不可能足以支付承诺的股息。股价暴跌,许多投资者因此破产。南海泡沫的崩溃导致了金融危机和对金融系统信心的丧失。
英国政府采取了行动来稳定局势并恢复信心,包括通过了泡沫法案(Bubble Act),对合股公司进行了规范。南海公司本身一直存在到18世纪晚期,但再也没有在英国经济中扮演重要角色。
南海泡沫常被引用为金融泡沫的早期例子,其中投机狂热导致资产价格不可持续上涨,随后是戏剧性的崩溃。它是投机和财务不负责任危险的警示故事。